Gravitational Weight Reduction with ELF EM Radiation
by Steve Burns
Created on 03/09/00 - JLN Labs - last update on 03/10/00
INTRODUCTION
A paper published by DeAquino entitled "Gravitation and Electromagnetism; Correlation and Grand Unification" (Reference 1) relates inertial and gravitational mass as a function of absorbed radiation. DeAquino demonstrates that gravitational mass of an atom is related to its inertial mass as a function of thermal and electromagnetic (EM) radiation absorption. This is significant since the relationship is subtractive terms causing a reduction of gravitational mass (weight) proportionate to absorbed electromagnetic energy. The weight reduction formula relates absorbed EM radiation energy by an atom (molecule) to the radiation frequency, as well as conduction, permeability and permittivity of the medium that the atom is a constituent. The formula gives an inverse relationship to frequency so extremely low frequency (ELF) absorbed energy yields the greatest weight reduction. In fact, the formula says for large energy absorption, the weight goes through zero and becomes negative (negative mass). Working with DeAquino, the author contributed to the design of an experimental apparatus to test the theory's equation validity. The experiment was successful yielding data supporting the calculated prediction. This opens the door to possible space access, power generation and Earth based zero gravity manufacturing facilities.
ELF RADIATION
The problem with radiating low frequency is, to be efficient, the antenna length needs to be thousands of miles long. One way around this is to slow phase velocity. This results in a shorter, more efficient equivalent antenna length. Equations describing antenna phase velocity as a function of parameters of interest indicate a slight conductivity and high permeability of the antenna encapsulating medium affects phase velocity. Permittivity has little effect. By balancing parameters, calculations indicated it is possible to efficiently radiate ELF EM energy. Figure 1 below details an ELF apparatus design for weight reduction.
Figure 1. Spherical apparatus for reducing gravitational weight with ELF EM energy absorption.
The conductive antenna radiates ELF EM radiation due to the phase velocity slowing effect of the encapsulating medium. ELF radiation is absorbed by the gravity shield atoms reducing their gravitational mass (weight).
GRAVITATIONAL MASS REDUCTION
Equation 1 describes the relationship of an atom's gravitational mass reduction due to absorbed EM radiation as described in Reference 1:
Equation 1 reveals inertial mass equals gravitational mass only in the absence of electromagnetic (and thermal) radiation. In addition, the mass difference is inversely proportional to the radiation frequency. ELF weight variation phenomenon is not normally observed due to the low ELF ambient fields present in the environment. Environmental ELF fields are mostly due to atmospheric lightning discharges, appliances, power line radiation etc. As an example, an antenna one-meter in length in air has an efficiency of less than a millionth of a percent at 10 Hz.
RADIATING ELF
In the 1960's, the US Navy conducted experiments with ELF transmission for submarines. Table 2 summarizes the published phase velocity reduced wavelength for an antenna in seawater (Reference 2).
Table 2. Table comparison of measured and empirically derived wavelengths for an antenna in seawater.
Equation 2 is the empirical curve fit to US Navy published data for frequencies less than 500 Hz.:
Equation 3 describes an antenna equivalent wavelength in terms of the surrounding medium:
For very short antennas, Reference 3 reveals input power is divided between the antenna radiation resistance and the antenna ohmic resistance (like a resistor voltage divider). This necessitates a low antenna ohmic resistance so input power will not be wasted as dissipated heat.
For a monopole antenna radiating a spherical EM field where field lines are essentially parallel, radiated EM power is given as:
An analysis of Equation 5 shows an antenna encapsulated by a medium with conductivity and permeability radiates power even in the ELF range. Antenna radiation efficiency is given by:
Equation 6
An antenna radiation efficiency of 100% (most desirable) means all input power is radiated and no heat is dissipated from ohmic resistance (superconductor antenna). Close to an antenna, radiated power density is radiated power divided by surface area:
MEDIUM AND GRAVITATIONAL SHIELD EM ABSORPTION
Atom EM absorption coefficient is a measure of the atoms ability to absorb EM radiation. This is also a game of adjusting parameters since a large shield absorption coefficient is desirable. It is desirable for the antenna encapsulating medium absorption coefficient to be small so maximum radiated power density is delivered to the surrounding shield atoms. Medium EM absorption coefficient is defined as:
Medium EM absorption cross section is:
EM absorbed medium energy is:
Equation
11
where:
Sa = medium atom cross section area (meters^2).
Equations 8 - 11 also describe the shield EM absorption. The objective for the shield is to make the absorption as large as possible.
PERMEABILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS
Below are metals having high permeability and conductivity:
PROPERTIES OF NEGATIVE MASS
Equation 1 not only allows different values for gravitational and inertial mass, gravitational mass can pass through zero and become negative. This is a violation of equivalence for gravitational and inertial force and acceleration required by General Relativity. Equivalence guarantees gravitational and inertial forces result in identical acceleration of an object. An object with gravitational mass mg experiencing a force F = mg*g = mi*ai in a gravitational field results in an acceleration a = mg*g / mg = g. If a force of the same magnitude is applied to the object having a different inertial mass mi, it would experience an acceleration a = mg*g / mi = g (mg / mi). This is a violation of the principle of equivalence. De Aquino has proposed a modified form of Newton's laws so that the principle of equivalence is preserved.
De Aquino proposes gravitational mass alone determines an object's acceleration in response to inertial or gravitational forces (so inertial mass becomes a theoretical concept). In addition, DeAquino includes a relativistic expression revealing null gravitational mass does not increase with increasing velocity. This gives a modified version of Newton's law where inertial and gravitational forces are equivalent, as are inertial and gravitational accelerations even though inertial and gravitational masses differ.
Equation 12
Equation 13
where
Fi = inertial force,
Fg = gravitational force,
v = mass velocity,
c = speed of light,
ai = inertial acceleration,
ag = gravitational acceleration.
Since gravitational mass alone determines an object's acceleration in response to forces of any kind, Equations 12 and 13 open the door to velocities very close to (and possibility faster than) the speed of light. As an object's gravitational mass is decreased close to a zero, a constant applied force produces a larger acceleration. For mg == 0, there is no mass increase and therefore no limiting velocity. The absolute value in Equations 12 and 13 suggest negative mass behaves as positive mass in a gravitational field. Therefore, mass should "null" to a minimum at a specific antenna current and/or frequency.
ANALYSIS OF A MINIMUM MASS CONTROL SYSTEM
Equations 12 and 13 describe a negative mass object behaving as a positive mass object in a gravitational field. To see how close to zero mass we can get using current technology with the DeAquino equation, consider the following:
Assume a metal shield immersed in a magnetic field resulting in a permeability of 75,000 and conductivity of 2E6S/m. Calculations show 31.4A and 0.168197966Hz reduces a nickel atom mass from 9.37E-23 to -1.7E-30 or ~8 orders of magnitude. To accomplish this, we use a battery powered crystal square wave oscillator operating at the above frequency multiplied by 2^29 or 90.3MHz. A low-pass filter converts the divided ELF square wave to a sine wave. Electronics is inside a temperature-controlled oven to minimize drift. Oscillator battery voltage fluctuates by 50E-6 volts. Oscillator frequency stability is 10 PPM. Antenna input is from a temperature stabilized 5V supply with 100E-6 volt ripple. Antenna current is modulated with parallel high power HEXFET's driven by the ELF sine wave. Stacking the errors, mass is increased from -1.7E-30 to ? 6.79E-26. This is ~3 orders of magnitude reduction from the starting mass. So we can realize a minimum mass reduction of 1000. In an effort to improve on reduced mass control, assume that long-term drift can be manually compensated (relative to onboard cesium clocks?). Signal frequency is slightly changed proportional to signal amplitude by an amount that stabilizes m_g described by Equation 1. A more stable reduced mass value is then realized.
For calculation purposes assume an amplitude controlled sweep frequency control system is manually drift compensated yielding a mass reduction of ~6 orders of magnitude. For a craft weighting 10 tons, equivalent mass is m=w/g = 3.3E+6. In addition, assume the craft is traveling at 100,000mph or 27.8mps or 0.000149c. Relativistic velocity expressed in terms of mass and momentum is v=p/sqrt(m^2+(p/c)^2) or 9.17E+7. For a mass reduction of 1E+6, conservation of momentum gives a velocity of 0.9999999992c. From the craft frame of reference, time to transverse the 100000 light year galaxy distance is 4 years plus the time needed to accelerate to the starting velocity.
Since the control system can produce a current and/or frequency that passes the shield atoms through the zero mass point, for any velocity, COM says the craft obtains infinite velocity crossing the entire universe in one control cycle (<1 second). If low permeability and conductivity impurities in the shield is the limiting velocity factor then Reference 5 indicates commercial highest grade nickel is 99.5% pure (contains 0.5% impurities). To get a feel for how this relates to maximum speed, consider the following:
Craft is a 30-foot diameter sphere weighting 2.0E+4 pounds (10 tons) on earth,
Nickel alloy shield is one nanometer in depth (shield only requires several layers of atoms),
Nickel alloy shield is 99.5% pure, impurities are parametric and insulators (worst case),
Average impurity mass is 5.0E-23 grams and density is 5.0 grams/m^3.
Avogadro's number Av = 6.02E+23 atoms/gram.
g = 32.2 ft/sec^2.
c = 3.0E8 m/sec.
Surface area of sphere is: A = 4pi * r^2 = 262.7 m^2.
#atoms in shield is: #atoms = Av * density * A * depth = 7.9E+17 atoms in the shield.
#impurity atoms = 0.005 * #atoms = 3.95E+15 impurity atoms.
Total mass of impurity atoms = #impurity atoms * mass = 1.98E-7 grams.
Mass of craft m = weight/g = 621.1 slugs = 9.07E+6 grams.
The craft is accelerated to a velocity of 100,000mph or 27.8mps or 0.000149c. Momentum = m * v = 4.06E+8 kgm-m/sec. The ELF control system is turned on and adjusted to cycle from positive to negative mass. As the control cycle passes through zero mass for the nickel alloy shield, craft weight will be shield impurity weight or 1.98E-10 kgm. Relativistic velocity expressed in terms of mass and momentum is v=p/sqrt(m^2+(p/c)^2). So for craft mass reduced to impurity mass, conservation of momentum says maximum velocity is 0.9999999999999999997c. Quantum mechanics suggest the atom's shielding characteristic extend beyond the atomic radius. It is therefore possible for shield impurities to have no effect on craft maximum velocity. Ironic that the current paradigm is faster than light is not possible when in actually staying below light speed takes special effort.
REFERENCES
Email : Steve Burns
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JLN
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